Key Terms
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Part I. The Nature and Extent of Delinquency
Chapter 1 - What Is Delinquency and How Does It Differ from Adult Crime?
juvenile delinquency
immaturity
status offenses
juvenile court
due process rights
adjudicated
disposition
youth development centers and training schools
invention of juvenile delinquency
child savers
Chapter 2 - How Is Delinquency Measured?
official statistics
Crime in the United States; The Uniform Crime Reports
crimes known to the police
crimes cleared by arrest
Part I, or Index, Offenses
homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated
assault, burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
Part II Offenses
unfounding crime reports
self-report data
audio computer-assisted self-administered interview
victimization data
national crime victimization survey
Chapter 3 - How Much Delinquency Is There and Is Delinquency Increasing?
arrest rate
clearance data
Chapter 4 - Who Is Most Likely To Engage in Delinquency?
sociodemographic characteristics
adolescent-limited offenders
chronic offenders
Part II, The Causes of Delinquency
Chapter 5 - What Is a Theory and How Do We Test Theories?
theory
independent variable
dependent variable
conditioning variable
scientific method
surveys
experiments
field studies
intensive interviews
sample
representative samples
random sample
association
positive association
negative association
association not due to chance
association not due to third variables
"controlling" for the third variable, or "holding it constant"
causal order
longitudinal survey
cross sectional design
reciprocal effect
Chapter 6 - Strain Theory: Does Strain or Stress Cause Delinquency?
strain theory
strain
loss of positive stimuli and presentation
of negative stimuli
cognitive coping
behavioral coping
emotional coping
coping skills
conventional social supports
Chapter 7 - Social Learning Theory: Do Individuals Learn To Be Delinquent from Others?
social learning theory
differential reinforcement of delinquency
frequency, amount, and relative probability of reinforcement
positive and negative reinforcement
positive and negative punishment
self-reinforcement
intrinsically reinforcing
intermittent and continuous reinforcement
discriminative stimuli
denial of responsibility
denial of injury
denial of the victim
condemnation of the condemners
appeal to higher loyalties
Chapter 8 - Control Theory: Do Weak Controls Result in Delinquency?
control theory
direct control
direct and indirect monitoring
stake in conformity
internal control
amoral orientation to delinquency
self-control
Chapter 9 - Labeling Theory: Does the Reaction to Delinquency Lead to Further Delinquency?
labeling theory
official reaction to delinquency
informal reaction to delinquency
harsh/rejecting reaction
radical nonintervention
'condemn the delinquency but accept the juvenile' reaction
restorative justice approach
restorative justice conference
self-concept
Chapter 10 - How Do We Explain Different Patterns of Offending Over the Life Course?
adolescent-limited offending
life course persistent offending
Chapter 11 - Is Delinquency More Likely in Certain Types of Situations?
predisposition to delinquency
attractive targets
capable guardians
routine activities
Chapter 12 - How Can We Explain Group Differences in Delinquency, Particularly Community Differences in Rates of Delinquency?
residential instability
social disorganization theories
old heads
delinquent or criminal subcultures
Part III, The Causes of Delinquency: Research
Chapter 13 - Individual Traits: What Impact Do Individual Traits Have on Delinquency?
traits
super-traits
low verbal IQ
low self-control
impulsivity
risk seeking
hyperactivity
irritability
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
twin studies
adoption studies
biological harms
serotonin
Chapter 14 - The Family: What Impact Does the Family Have on Delinquency?
broken homes
quality of family relationships
child abuse
lax and nattering disciplinary styles
parental socialization
warm but authoritative style of parenting
Chapter 15 - The School: What Impact Does the School Have on Delinquency?
bullying
warm but firm schools
Chapter 16 - Delinquent Peers and Gangs: What Impact Do Delinquent Peer Groups and Gangs Have on Delinquency?
delinquent peer group
offending group
accomplice network
street gang
Chapter 17 - What Effects Do Religion, Work, the Mass Media, Drugs, and Guns Have on Delinquency?
Chapter 18 - Pulling It All Together: Is It Possible To Construct a General Theory of Delinquency?
the four clusters
irritability/low self-control
poor parenting practices
negative school experiences
delinquent peer association
reciprocal effect
conditioning effect
background variables
direct and indirect effects
Part IV, The Control and Prevention of
Delinquency
Chapter 19 - How Is It Determined if a Policy or Program Is Effective in Controlling or Preventing Delinquency?
randomized experiment
before and after study or evaluation
treatment group
control group or comparison group
random assignment
generalizability
nonequivalent control-group design
time-series design
implementation or process evaluation
Chapter 20 - The Police: What Do the Police Do To Control Delinquency?
preventive patrol
police discretion in making arrests
police crackdowns
hot spots
zero-tolerance policing
community policing
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)
Chapter 21 - Juvenile Court and Corrections: What Do the Juvenile Court and Juvenile Correctional Agencies Do To Control Delinquency?
referral
complaint
intake screening
intake officer
informal processing
diversion programs
teen courts
detention hearing
petition
judicial waiver
prosecutor discretion
statutory waiver
adjudication
due process rights
Gault decision
social history or predisposition report
risk and needs assessments
risk and needs assessments instruments
probation
intermediate sanctions
restitution
Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)
day treatment centers
boot camp
group home or halfway house
wilderness or outdoor programs
training schools
inmate subculture
aftercare
Chapter 22 - Does the Juvenile Justice System Discriminate Against Certain Groups in Its Efforts To Control Delinquency?
direct discrimination
indirect discrimination
Chapter 23 - Is It Possible
To Control by Punishing More Offenders and Punishing Them More Severely? The
Strategies of Deterrence and Incapacitation
specific deterrence
general deterrence
incapacitation
graduated sanctions
mandatory minimum sentences
sentencing guidelines
blended sentences
deterrence
certainty and severity of punishment
restorative justice conference
substitution effect (regarding incapacitation)
group effect
selective incapacitation
Chapter 24 - Is It Possible
To Prevent Delinquency and Rehabilitate Delinquents? The Strategies of Prevention
and Rehabilitation
rehabilitation programs
prevention programs
war on poverty
cognitive-behavioral approach
parent training programs
Head Start
problem-solving training
crisis intervention programs (for gangs)
Job Corps
situational crime prevention
Chapter 25 - What Should
We Do To Reduce Delinquency?
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