GETTING STARTED
Bartlett's Familiar Quotations
Biographical Speech Assignment
Communication and Media Studies
Resources for Students Preparing Presentations
Toastmasters Elements of Speaking
The first questions usually asked by someone who is going to present a speech are "How do I get started?" and "Then what do I do?"
When preparing a speech, many people first decide on a topic and formulate a purpose statement. Next, they do any necessary research to collect material that develops the purpose statement. After this preliminary work, they construct an introduction that will get the audience's attention and give listeners the necessary background material so they will be ready to hear the details of the subject. After providing these details, many speakers move on to the statement of the central idea, which tells the audience what the speech is all about. The main part of the presentation then fulfills the purpose of the speech. The conclusion summarizes the major points and wraps up the presentation.
5.1 COMPONENTS OF ANALYSIS
The participants are the persons engaged in the communication event--the speaker and the members of the audience.
The setting consists of the place, time, and emotional climate of the speech.
The purpose is what the communicator is trying to accomplish (e.g., answer a question, change a point of view, influence others to take an action).
5.2 PRIOR ANALYSIS
Personal Inventory
Audience Inventory
Demographics
Age.
Gender.
Religion.
Cultural and Ethnic Uniqueness.
Cultural values, what people of a specific culture hold to be of importance and worth, are the basis for understanding and preparing speeches for diverse audiences. How do you feel about speeches and interviews with newsmakers and social commentators?
Intellectual Level.
Occupation.
Psychographics
Political Affiliation.
Conservative or Liberal Disposition.
Social and Economic Levels.
Listening/Learning Style.
Rhetorographics
Time.
Emotional Climate.
5.3 PROCESS ANALYSIS
5.4 POSTSPEECH ANALYSIS
5.5 GETTING READY TO LISTEN TO A SPEECH
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
List and explain the components and process of communicative analysis.
Define and explain prior speech analysis.
Prepare a personal speaker inventory.
Conduct an audience analysis by investigating the prospective listeners' demographics, psychographics, and rhetorographics.
Understand why and how to conduct process speech analysis.
Understand why and how to conduct postspeech analysis.
This chapter examined important elements in the planning of a public communication. The major ideas presented were:
Three factors should be considered when planning a public communication: the participants, the setting, and the purpose of the communication.
Prior analysis of the audience takes place before the speech is given.
Process analysis is the act of responding to the feedback a speaker receives during a speech.
After the presentation, postspeech analysis helps to determine the effectiveness of the speaker's efforts and allows for adjustments in future speeches.
A personal speaking inventory can aid a public speaker in selecting a topic.
Listeners act not only as individuals but as members of a group that responds dynamically to the speech setting.
The audience inventory encompasses demographics, psychographics, and rhetorographics.
Demographic factors include the age, gender, religion, cultural and ethnic uniqueness, intellectual level, and occupation of the audience.
Psychographic factors include political affiliation, conservative or liberal disposition, social and economic levels, and listening/learning style.
Rhetorographic factors include the place, time limit, time of day, and emotional climate for the speech.
People listen and learn in different ways.
participants
setting
purpose
prior analysis
process analysis
postspeech analysis
personal speaking inventory
polarization
audience analysis
demographics
psychographics
rhetorographics
culture
cultural values
left-brain dominance
right-brain dominance
feeling-doers
watcher-thinkers
cough meter
social facilitation
circular response
In 1996, President Clinton paid tribute to the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. on what would have been the 67th birthday for the slain civil rights leader. For information about Clinton's speech, see the web site. http://europe.cnn.com/US/9601/mlk/clinton/index.html
Consider this context and occasion and write an essay explaining the factors that President Clinton probably considered in analyzing the audience for preparing his speech.