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After analyzing the audience, developing a purpose statement, doing whatever research is necessary, and deciding on the supporting materials to use, speakers have to select the mode of presentation. There are four basic modes of presentation: impromptu and ad lib, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized.

In impromptu speaking there is very little time for preparation, so the speaker must organizes ideas while communicating.

1. Ask yourself what topic you wish to present.

2. Word a purpose statement that represents the topic.

3. List the major headings that develop the purpose statement.

4. Arrange the major headings according to one of the methods of organization (spatial, chronological, topical, causal, comparison-contrast, or problem-solution).

5. Decide on an introduction.

6. Formulate your central idea.

7. The easiest form of conclusion is simply to restate the major points you made.

8. If you have time, go back to see if you can think of any examples that back up the major ideas you want to present.

In extemporaneous speaking, speakers take time to think about personal information they have that would help develop a well-thought-out speech and, if necessary, do research.

Developing a Speech Outline

Mind Mapping

Practicing with the Outline/Mind Map

10.3 THE MANUSCRIPT MODE OF PRESENTATION

Adjusting from a Written to an Oral Style

Preparing the Manuscript

Use phrases that are easily remembered. Many memorable phrases are clear ideas with profound meanings that were expressed with simplicity. One example of such a message is President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's appeal for national unity in the face of the Depression of the 1930s when he said, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself."

http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/fdroosevelt.html

A second example is John F. Kennedy's inaugural call for a national referendum of dedication when he said, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/inaugural/pres56.html

In the memorized mode, a speech is written out word for word and is then committed to memory.

10.5 LISTENING CHANNEL PREFERENCES

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Identify the four modes of speech presentation.
• Explain how to develop an impromptu or ad lib presentation.
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the extemporaneous Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the manuscript mode.
• List some ways of preparing effective oral language.
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of memorizing a speech.
• Explain channel preferences of listeners.

SUMMARY

The speaker can use four basic modes of presentation: impromptu or ad lib, extemporaneous, manuscript, and memorized.

Impromptu speaking requires you to present your ideas with little preparation.

Ad lib speaking allows you no time to prepare.

In the extemporaneous mode of speaking, you develop a set of speech aids, such as notes or an outline, to assist during the presentation.

In the manuscript mode of delivery, you write the material out and deliver it word for word.

In the memorized mode, you write the speech out word for word and then commit it to memory.

Just as speakers make decisions about what presentation mode will work best for their messages, so, too, do listeners make decisions about how they tend to best receive information.

ad lib speaking

extemporaneous speaking

planning outline

developing outline

internal summary

forecasts

presentational outline

manuscript mode

eye span

memorized mode